In addition to these laws, there are several issues that all prospective tenants and landlords should consider before renting an apartment.

For example:

• Does the rent cover all utilities? If the tenant is responsible for paying for the heat and hot water, the landlord should make clear whether these run on electric power, oil, natural gas, or propane. Is there is information available that will provide a prospective tenant with an idea of the annual utility costs for the apartment?
• The landlord and the prospective tenant together should check every plumbing fixture, light switch, cupboard door, and appliance to make sure they all work properly. If repairs are necessary, both parties should discuss whether the landlord will make the repairs before the tenant moves in.
• Similarly, the lease or rental agreement should include a list of all repairs that the landlord agrees to make during the tenancy, and the timeframe in which the repairs must be completed.
• The lease or rental agreement should also note if major appliances are included with the tenancy, such as a refrigerator, stove, washing machine, etc.
• Under Massachusetts Law, it is the landlord’s responsibility to clear snow and ice from the property. Your city/town may also have an ordinance requiring that the landlord clear snow and ice from the public sidewalk that abuts the property.
• In Massachusetts, a landlord cannot require a tenant to pay an additional monthly fee for amenities on the property, like private parking, a pool, or workout room, but may restrict access to these amenities to only those who agree to pay. If amenities are present, what is the additional cost associated with access?
• Will the landlord or the tenant be responsible for shoveling snow from the walks in winter? Is it plowed from the driveway or parking area? Is there a fee involved, and if so, who pays for it?
• When was the last time the rental property was inspected for compliance with the local building and/or state sanitary codes? A local ordinance may require that a landlord register rental properties with the city or town to ensure that they
• Does the landlord allow tenants to keep pets in the rental property? Will landlord require a tenant to pay a higher-than advertised monthly rent to keep a pet and/or require the addition of a pet rider to the tenants renter’s insurance policy?

The Terms of Tenancy

There are two main kinds of tenancy. The rights and responsibilities of both the landlord and the tenant depend partly on the type of tenancy that is created.

A. Tenancy Based on a Lease

One kind of tenancy is based on a written lease. When a tenant signs a lease with a landlord, the tenant agrees that the tenancy will last for a certain amount of time, usually one year. During that time, the monthly rent will stay the same and the landlord cannot end the tenancy (evict) unless the tenant fails to satisfy the conditions agreed upon in the lease. On the other hand, the tenant is committed to paying rent for the term of the lease. The tenant may only end the tenancy before the close of the lease term if the landlord agrees to early termination of the lease.

A lease is a good option for tenants and landlords seeking stability in a tenancy. Because it is a written agreement between the tenant and the landlord, it should contain all of the rules that will apply to the tenancy.

B. Tenancy-at-Will

The other kind of tenancy is called a tenancy-at-will, which means that the lease agreement lasts for as long as both parties want to do business with each other. Sometimes there is no written agreement at all in a tenancy-at-will, but often the tenant is asked to sign a form that says “Rental Agreement” or “Tenancy-at-Will” at the top. This form should include the amount of the monthly rent and basic rules.

A tenancy-at-will does not last for any set amount of time and does not end on a certain date, the way a lease does. In a tenancy-at-will the tenant pays the agreed-upon rent each month for an indefinite period of time. Either the landlord or the tenant can decide to end the tenancy by giving the other party notice, either 30 days or one month before the due date of the next rent payment, whichever is longer. In this type of agreement, the rent can change with notice according to the same terms (either 30 days or one month before the due date of the next rent payment, whichever is longer).

C. Obligations of the Landlord and of the Tenant

Whether a lease or a tenancy-at-will, the tenant must pay rent, follow the rules agreed upon with the landlord, and accept responsibility for any damage to the apartment that is more than just “normal wear and tear” (whether caused by the tenant or caused by a guest of the tenant). The landlord must provide an apartment that is safe, clean, and in compliance with the Massachusetts Sanitary Code, and must live up to any promises in the lease or rental agreement.

In either kind of tenancy, the tenant has a right to occupy the apartment and the landlord may only enter under certain circumstances. The landlord must arrange with the tenant in advance to enter the apartment to make repairs, to inspect the condition of the apartment, or to show the apartment to prospective tenants, buyers or real estate agents. However, the landlord may enter an apartment without a tenant’s approval if there is a mechanical/repair emergency that has the potential to damage the whole building, or if it appears that the tenant has abandoned the apartment. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15AF, §16.

D. Negotiations

Although not required by laws or regulations, it is important for both a landlord and a tenant to know that they can negotiate with each other over the terms of a lease. In general, the landlord should not rush a tenant to make a decision, and both parties should be very clear about the terms and conditions before either signs the lease. Any changes to which they agree should be written down into the lease in pen, making sure to cross out any sections that the landlord and tenant agree to change.

Terms of a Rental Agreement

Every rental agreement must have certain terms, and is prohibited by law from containing certain other terms. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15A-F, §16.

The lease must set forth the name, address, and phone number of the owner, the person responsible for maintenance, and the person to whom the tenant can give copies of formal notices, complaints, or court papers.

If the landlord receives a security deposit, the lease or rental agreement must show the amount paid, and must explain the tenant’s rights to that security deposit money. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15B.

The landlord must make sure that the tenant is given a legible copy of the lease or rental agreement. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15D. The lease must not include illegal terms such as:

• The tenant must pay for the cost of repairing ordinary wear and tear to the apartment.
• The tenant must pay for repairs to parts of the building beyond the tenant’s apartment.
• The tenant may not sue the landlord or report violations of the Sanitary Code.
• The tenant may not join a tenants’ union.
• The tenant must pay a late fee if a rent payment is even one day late. (A lease or rental agreement may permit the landlord to charge a late fee if a rent payment is 30 or more days late.)

Payments at the Start of a Tenancy

A landlord may only ask for the following payments up front:

• The first month’s rent
• A security deposit to cover the cost of any damage to the apartment beyond normal wear and tear (which may not exceed the amount of one month’s rent)
• The last month’s rent (the month that will turn out to be the tenant’s last one in the apartment)
• The cost of a new lock and key for the apartment

The landlord should provide a signed receipt for any payment that is made with cash or a money order. The receipt must include the amount paid and the date the payment was made, and a description of what the payment was for. The receipt should also include the landlord’s name, the tenant’s name, and the name of the person to whom the payment was given. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15B.

A. Laws Governing the Security Deposit

All security deposits must be deposited in a Massachusetts bank, in an account that collects interest, and within the first month of the tenancy. The landlord must provide the tenant with the name and address of the bank holding the security deposit, plus the actual account number. Each year, the landlord must either pay the tenant the interest on the security deposit or let the tenant deduct that amount from a rent payment.

The landlord should give the tenant a “statement of condition” within 10 days of beginning the tenancy or upon receipt of the security deposit (whichever is later), which describes the condition of the apartment and any damage that exists at that time. The tenant has 15 days to add to the “statement of condition” or make changes to it. Both parties should keep copies of the final “statement of condition.” M.G.L. c. 186, § 15B.

When the tenancy ends, the landlord must return the security deposit, plus interest, within 30 days. However, the landlord may keep any unpaid rent or the amount of money needed to repair damage done to the apartment (beyond normal wear and tear). If the lease provides for it, the landlord may also deduct the tenant’s share of any increase in the landlord’s property taxes.

If the landlord must keep all or a part of the security deposit for damages, then the landlord must give the tenant a written description of the damage and an estimate of the repair cost within 30 days of the tenant moving out.

B. Laws Governing the Last Month’s Rent

If the tenant provides the landlord with the last month’s rent at the commencement of the tenancy, then the landlord must give the tenant a signed receipt. Like all receipts in the tenancy process, the receipt must include the amount paid, the date the payment was made, a description of what the payment was for, the landlord’s name, the tenant’s name, and the name of the person to whom the payment was given. At the end of each year and when the tenancy ends, the tenant is entitled to any interest earned on the last month’s rent. M.G.L. c. 186, § 15B.

The State Sanitary Code and the Condition of an Apartment

In Massachusetts, the State Sanitary Code (105 C.M.R. 410) governs what it means to provide a habitable place in which to live. In general, “habitable” means a place that is comfortable and clean enough for a person to live safely.

If a landlord does not respond to a tenant’s complaints about a Sanitary Code violation, the tenant may request that a code enforcement officer or the local board of health inspect the apartment. An inspector can then come to the apartment, review the conditions, and order the landlord to fix the problem if deemed necessary. In the event that the landlord still fails to fix the problem, a tenant may be able to withhold a portion of the rent or move out, even if there is a lease or rental agreement in place. M.G.L. c. 111, § 198; 105 C.M.R. 410. However, before either withholding rent or moving out, tenants considering these options should contact a private lawyer or legal services for more information and advice.

Under federal and state law, If the rental property was built before 1978, the landlord and tenant must sign and retain a copy of the Tenant Lead Law Notification and Tenant Certification. These forms are to inform the Tenant of known risks and causes of lead poisoning and disclose if it is known that lead-based paint is present in the rental unit. A landlord must also disclose documents related to any lead inspection or risk assessment done on the rental unit, and a Letter of Interim Control or Letter of Compliance issued by the local board of Health. If a child under six will be living in the rental property, the landlord is obligated to delead or bring the lead hazards under interim control.

For more information about the State Sanitary Code, a tenant can also call the Secretary of the Commonwealth’s Citizen Information Service hotline at 617-727-7030 or 1-800-392-6090 (in MA only).

Eviction

Generally, a landlord cannot simply take possession of the rental property, physically remove the tenant or their personal property, or change the locks. Depending on the reason for eviction, a landlord must provide either a 14-Day or 30-day Notice to Quit to the Tenant. A landlord must then file a civil action (Summary Process) in court, and obtain a judgment from the court that specifies the date that the tenant must leave the rental property with their belongings. If the tenant does not voluntarily leave on the date specified by the court, a landlord must arrange for a Sheriff or Constable to serve an executed Judgment on the tenant ordering them to leave, and if necessary, relocate any personal property belonging to the tenant to a licensed public warehouse. In this situation, the landlord is obligated to pay moving fees, but is entitled to reimbursement from the tenant. The tenant is allowed a one-time opportunity to claim items of personal or sentimental value from the storage facility, and can claim all personal property from the storage facility upon payment of any fees charged by the storage facility. M.G.L. c. 239; M.G.L. c. 186, § 11; M.G.L. c.105.

A. Mediation as an Option

If the landlord and the tenant agree, they may utilize mediation services through the Attorney General’s Office to resolve a dispute that might otherwise result in an eviction. In addition, the Massachusetts Communities and Development Housing Services Program or the local housing court can provide help in resolving a dispute between a landlord and a tenant.

B. The Eviction Process

The formal eviction process is called Summary Process and starts when the landlord files a Complaint in court. During the eviction process the tenant will have the right to raise defenses to the eviction itself and present counterclaims for monetary damages. Some common defenses to eviction include:

• Failure to properly terminate the tenancy.
• The landlord failed to correct known conditions.
• The landlord is evicting you in retaliation for activities protected by law.
• Discrimination, including that the landlord failed to make a reasonable accommodation to allow a disabled person to remain in the home despite his or her disability.

Discrimination in Housing is Against the Law

It is against the law for a landlord to refuse to rent an apartment to someone because of the person’s race, color, national origin, ancestry, gender, marital status, religion, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression or military background, or because the person is disabled. With very limited exceptions, it is also illegal to refuse to rent to someone with children. For more information about housing discrimination, contact the Civil Rights Division of the Attorney General’s Office or the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination.